In recent years, greenhouses are developing in Iran because of a high productivity technology due to the possibility of controlling environmental factors for agricultural production such as temperature, prevention of frostbite and heat exhaustion phenomena, efficient use of water and soil resources, appropriate use of fertilizers and pesticides and off-season production. Generally, commercial greenhouses are used for high economical and physical production of ornamental plants, vegetables, and fruits. Proper location, type of structure, covering and equipment as well as management and operation are very important to achieve proper environmental conditions inside greenhouses. Some of the main issues of greenhouses in Iran are greenhouses size, geographic orientation, greenhouse height, improper ratio of height to width (H/W) and length to width (L/W), poor ventilation areas, location for ventilation systems, substandard materials and coverings, Structural strength against environmental factors such as wind and snow loads, and depreciation of structures. This paper presents technical parameters analysis which required in greenhouse to achieve the minimum standards. Then based on a case study in three provinces include Khuzestan, Bushehr, and Fars, these parameters were investigated during 2014. The results showed greenhouses which were constructed in Khuzestan province generally are not standard and related engineering principles and indices are not considered properly. More than half of the studied greenhouse structures in Bushehr had weakness in structures. The Structural and equipment differences which observed in the greenhouses of this province were low and not statistically significant. During last few years, nursery activities for exporting vegetables and fruits propagation to other provinces are expanding in Bushehr. These activities moderated the Structural and equipment weakness in this province.The Structural and equipment differences which observed in Fars province green houses were low and not statistically significant while weakness in technical indicators in about half of the greenhouses was evident due to climatic diversity in this province.

The global environmental crisis in the form of global warming, deforestation and increased production of industrial pollutants in the last three decades has been at the forefront of multilateral summits of developing and developing powers. Many analysts and politicians believe that one-and-a-half degree decrease in global temperature will help the preservation of the global climate diversity. Coordinated action within the framework of accepting multilateral commitments in the form of undertaking a share in reducing environmental pollutants has been the most critical solution introduced by the world powers at the 1997 Kyoto, 2015 Paris and 2021 Glasgow summits. Due to the increase in the average temperature of the Earth and the relative failure of the previous commitments of industrial powers in distancing themselves from the emission of chemical pollutants, the present essay raises the following question that what reasons contributed to the non-fulfillment of environmental obligations by the developed and developing powers? In response to this question, this hypothesis can be presented that the most prominent reasons for non-implementation of multilateral environmental agreements are the perceptual gap in the scientific and political fields, the weakness in the implementation of national environmental programs, and finally the obstruction and monopoly of financial and technological resources. It also should be noted that the current essay uses the descriptive-analytical research method, a method in which independent influential variables are examined and how their influence is explained.

Competition law is a newcomer to the legal system recently. A sound understanding of competition policy can provide us with sufficient bases to apply a fundamental and normative view of the issues of competition law. The difference in supervision and regulation determines how the market functions and in order to understand this difference one must understand competition policy. Competition policy may be based on governmental support for national production and industry or on a non-interventional and regulatory posture. Moreover, supervision, based on the principle of non-intervention in the market mechanism, is rooted in liberal ideas; however, regulation, whether as a rule or an exception, is based on the assertion that the market has been ineffective in attaining its goals. Therefore, the government will resort to interventions to regulate inefficiencies.  This paper aims to analyze Supervisory Authority in Implementing Competitive Policy by employing the description method. In this article the author tries to first delineate competition policy, its related requirements and imposed deviations to the market. Then, by defining the supervisory entity and clarifying its distinction from the regulatory institutions, the author considers the characteristics of an appropriate supervisory entity conducting a comparative study of this issue in Iran and the U.S.A. This form of Competition policy because of its applicable experiences which have been well described by recent scholarship is considered suitable for the native system.

In order to survive in the complex environment, budget programming or forecasting models have been criticized as inadequate for today’s business environment. Organizations have to use strategic planning to evaluate internal and external situation, then formulate proper strategies and implement them. The key to execute strategy is to have people in the organization understand it. Strategy map has a significant role in the strategic management due to describing strategies of organization and to help people understand strategies. Strategy map is essentially a graphical depiction of the causal model of an organization’s strategy then developing the causal model of the strategy is also important. This paper presents innovative approach to determine causal relationship and levels of strategic objectives in strategy map. For this purpose an interpretive Structural modeling (ISM) based approach has been employed to strategy map. This paper also utilizes the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) methodology to understand the interrelationships among the objectives so that those driving objectives, which can affect others and those dependent objectives, which are most influenced by driving objectives are identified. It emphasizes that interrelationship among objectives isn’t only down to up, it is on both side. An actual example of a small case pipe and fittings manufacturing company provides some managerial insights into the methodology.

The design of adhesive joints is crucial in industries like aerospace, automotive, and railways, where they offer a lightweight alternative to traditional methods such as welding and bolting. Adhesive joints distribute stress uniformly and enable the assembly of complex geometries. This review focuses on cutting-edge technologies, highlighting the role of nanomaterials in enhancing fatigue strength and chemical-thermal stability. It also explores the potential of additive manufacturing to create customized joint geometries and enable real-time monitoring through embedded sensors. The paper examines widely used adhesives, including epoxies and polyurethanes, as well as innovative joint designs, such as sinusoidal profiles and multi-material configurations, which improve stress distribution and Structural integrity. Surface preparation techniques and advanced numerical tools, like cohesive zone modeling and artificial intelligence, are also discussed for their role in optimizing joint performance. The study identifies key challenges, including standardization of processes and integration of novel materials, and outlines strategies to enhance the performance of bonded joints in advanced industrial applications.

The structure of urban development planning in our country has non-flexible, inefficient foundations, and the functional geometric approach that theoretical and methodological inadequacy of its paradigm, namely planning focused on its weaknesses and inefficiencies, is transparent, confirms it more and more. In this process, the strategic planning approach, with transforming the planning structure within two parts of the decision-making and decision taking, has proposed some flexible, transparent, and participatory foundations in the field of urban development design. Exercising this approach requires recognizing the priorities, influences, and challenges ahead to understand its existing reality in the urban development process. In this regard, the present study has been carried out with the "application-development" nature and with the "descriptive-analytical” methodology. The sample population of the research is 50 experts and elites related to the research topic selected in a targeted Delphi manner. The analytical tool of the research, due to the goals, is the FLLS model and the Structural equation modeling AMOS. The results indicate that: policymaking is the most important stage in the strategic decision-making structure; the stage of reforming and reviewing the plans is the most important stage of the decisiontaking strategic structure. These two possess the highest priority for Structural changes in Isfahan metropolis. Explaining the Structural Relationship of the Structural Steps to explain the Strategic Planning Implementation in Isfahan's Metropolitan Area shows the significance of the Structural relationship and the weighted regression coefficients achieved in this process. It shows the importance of the stage of the reforming and reviewing of the plans in explaining the Structural relationship rather than other stages.

Iran and Egypt as two important and effective actors in the Middle East region have interacted with each other since olden times and have played a significant role in peace and stability in the Islamic World. However, after the occurrence of Islamic revolution in Iran the relations between the two were considerably strained. In recent decade also one has observed great ups and downs in relations between the two. The question which arises here is that what historical and Structural factors led to confrontation between Iran and Egypt and impeded restoration of full diplomatic relations between the two? The present article tries to study the Structural challenges in relations between Iran and Egypt, particularly the contradictory security approach of the two countries towards regional issues and the impact of the influence of extra-regional powers on their relations. Despite the existing tensions in relations of the two countries (due to Structural problems and influence of the extra-regional power) the article explains the potentials of cooperation between the two on different levels and offers a prospect of their future relations.

Problem Statement The Chinese authorities’ understanding of the post-Cold War international conditions led to the adoption of a behavioral pattern in order to reduce the power gap, while avoiding international sensitivities about China. Therefore, China has pursued two agendas in the domestic and global spheres to respond to the emerging requirements. This has led scholars to debate the consequences of this balancing model for the decision-making circles of the world states, especially for the US and the international order.Significance and ObjectivesThe present article intended to analyze the prospect of change in the contemporary international order (Structural order) by examining whether new poles are emerging in the current international order or not.The Main Question What are the consequences and challenges of China’s behavioral pattern for the United States and the Structural international order?Research Hypothesis This research is based on the hypothesis that China’s behavioral pattern presents complex challenges to the US general policy towards China. This points to the uncertainties in predicting the consequences of China’s rise, in which policymakers face challenges in choosing between containment or engagement policy. China’s behavioral pattern is also seen as a reason for changing the structure of the international system and shaping the China–US bipolar order. In this respect, the following two points were suggested and discussed. First, the power gap between China and the United States will become almost equal, resulting in a dual superpower scenario where the United States will lose its superiority over China. Second, the strategic competition between China and the US will be very different from the confrontation between the US and the Soviet Union. China and the US will continue to cooperate in various fields (e.g., economy), while they may have conflicts in political and military domains.Research Method The present research used the historical research method with a descriptive–analytical and explanatory approach.Theoretical Framework This study used defensive Structural realism as its theoretical framework in order to analyze the systemic characteristics of the international order, including the distribution and increase of power, and explain their effects on the behavioral priorities of countries. The structure of the international system is considered as the most important variable in the paradigm of Structural realism.Kenneth Waltz’s theory of international politics offers a clear example of defensive Structural realism. The present article contends that Waltz’s perspective should be taken seriously not only because it is the most accurate or realistic theory, but because it provides useful categories for comprehending reality. For instance, his concept of polarity determination helps to shape the behavioral priorities of countries and Structural order of power distribution among units, which can be measured and typically changes in response to shifts in power among major states. Additionally, his focus on some kind of cooperation in the discussion on balance of power is also a valuable analytical category.Article Text Due to the post-Cold War international conditions, China has adopted a macro model of balancing, at domestic and global levels, in its strategic relationships with the US. Domestically, China has focused on building up its internal capabilities, while on the global stage it has pursued soft balancing. China’s balancing strategy in the unipolar world order is a reasonable and pragmatic response to its interests, capabilities, and strategic environment. Like any other government, China seeks to maximize its benefits and minimize losses in the field of foreign relations. Showing a keen awareness of the evolving international system, China has adeptly seized opportunities and confronted challenges. However, this behavioral pattern has important consequences and challenges for the international order, particularly for the US as the dominant pole.The balancing strategy pursued by China has generated complex conditions for decision-makers across the international system, particularly in the US as the superpower. Its most significant impact has been on the mentality of elites and their interpretation of the new realities, which has prompted a need to reassess American foreign policy.China’s behavioral pattern has enabled it to capitalize on broad opportunities and emerge as a decisive player in international politics, with its ongoing quest for power likely to have significant implications for the future of international politics. However, this development is closely tied to America’s position as the dominant pole of the international order, making the strategic relations between the two countries increasingly intertwined. As a result, managing these relations has become the most pressing issue in international politics, with stability and crisis in the global order at stake. As such, analyzing the pattern underlying China’s behavior and its relations with the US is critical for understanding the changing international order and its future trajectory.ConclusionChina is neither an ally nor a partner of the US and does not feel obligated to align its policies with those of America. However, unlike the Soviet Union, China does not adopt an explicitly adversarial stance towards the US. This has created challenges and consequences for the overall US policy towards China, and introduced uncertainties that pose significant challenges for policymakers in choosing between a policy of containment or engagement. An examination of the challenges posed by China’s behavioral pattern suggests that a combination of containment and engagement policies is more effective in serving American interests when dealing with China. While addressing the concerns of proponents of containment, the hybrid policy also attempts to avoid the pitfalls of mutual hostility, which is a major concern of supporters of engagement. This policy reflects the uncertainty in Washington about China’s future goals and capabilities. However, if China were to pursue regional hegemony or launch an attack on Taiwan, the hybrid policy could shift towards containment. Conversely, if China were to democratize and cooperate, this containment-plus-engagement policy could be replaced by a more cooperative relationship between the two countries.

Regulating relations with great powers constitutes one of the most significant issues of each country's foreign policy. Nature of Iran's ties with great powers has been fundamentally changed since formation of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 1979. Iran, the Soviet Union and later Russia have failed to establish strategic relations, despite their efforts to enhance mutual relations since late 1980s. It is believed that Iran found it politically expedient to have ties with Moscow due to its disputed relations with the West. On the other hand, foreign policies adopted by Iran and Russia at international arena differ from each other to some extent. Although there is no indication of strategic conflict between Iran and Russia, some rifts have been created between them. Iran's anti-imperialism approach and Russian pragmatism as well as an international monopoly that forces Tehran to turn to Moscow for meeting some of its political and economic needs could justify some of these rifts.